http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Taxonomy/wprintgc?mode=c
NCBI Taxonomy Homepage Pubmed Entrez BLAST OMIM Taxonomy Structure Search for As complete name wild card token set phonetic name taxonomy id lock Taxonomy browser Taxonomy information Taxonomy resources Taxonomic advisors Genetic codes Translation tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10,11, 12,13, 14,15, 16,21, 22,23 Cited References Taxonomy Statistics How_many organisms are_represented at Genbank? Taxonomy FTP site FAQS How to reference the NCBI taxonomy database How to create links to the NCBI taxonomy Extinct organisms Recent changes to classification The Genetic Codes Compiled by Andrzej (Anjay) Elzanowski and Jim Ostell National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI ), Bethesda, MD Last update of the Genetic Codes: October 05,2000 NCBI takes great_care to ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in Genbank records is correct. Central to this effort is careful checking on the taxonomy of each record and assignment of the correct genetic code (shown as a/transl_table qualifier on the CDS in the flat_files) for each organism and record. This page summarizes and references this work. The synopsis presented below is_based primarily on the reviews by Osawa et_al. 1992) and Jukes and Osawa (1993. Listed in square_brackets (under Systematic Range) are tentative assignments of a particular code based_on sequence homology and/or phylogenetic relationships. The print-form ASN. 1 version of this document, which includes all_the genetic codes outlined below, is also available here. Detailed information on codon usage can be found at the Codon Usage Database. The following genetic codes are_described here: The Standard Code The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code The Yeast Mitochondrial Code The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code The Echinoderm Mitochondrial Code The Euplotid Nuclear Code The Bacterial and Plant Plastid Code The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code The Flatworm Mitochondrial Code Blepharisma Nuclear Code Chlorophycean Mitochondrial Code Trematode Mitochondrial Code Scenedesmus Obliquus Mitochondrial Code Thraustochytrium Mitochondrial Code 1. The Standard Code (transl_table =1) By default all transl_table in Genbank flatfiles are equal_to id 1, and this_is not shown. When transl_table is not equal_to id 1 it is_shown as a qualifier on the CDS feature. AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts=--M_m---M---Base1 =TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Initiation Codon: AUG Alternative Initiation Codons (Prats et_al. 1989; Hann et_al. 1992) CUG, UUG Back to top 2. The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=2) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSS**VVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts =--MMMM---M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 2 Standard AGA Ter*Arg R AGG Ter*Arg R AUA Met M Ile I UGA Trp W Ter*Alternative Initiation Codon: Bos: AUA Homo: AUA, AUU Mus: AUA, AUU, AUC Coturnix, Gallus: also GUG (Desjardins and Morais, 1991) Systematic Range: Vertebrata Comment: The transcripts of several vertebrate mitochondrial genes end in U or UA, which become termination codons (UAA) upon subsequent polyadenylation. Back to top 3. The Yeast Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=3) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWTTTTPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts=--MM---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 3 Standard AUA Met M Ile I CUU Thr T Leu L CUC Thr T Leu L CUA Thr T Leu L CUG Thr T Leu L UGA Trp W Ter*CGA absent Arg R CGC absent Arg R Systematic Range: Saccharomyces_cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Hansenula saturnus, and Kluyveromyces thermotolerans (Clark-Walker and Weiller, 1994) Comments: The remaining CGN codons are rare in Saccharomyces_cerevisiae and absent in Candida glabrata(=Torulopsis glabrata). The AUA codon is common in the gene var1 coding for the single mitochonliial ribosomal protein, but rare in genes encoding the enzymes. The coding assignments of the AUA (Met or Ile) and CUU (possibly Leu, not Thr) are uncertain in Hansenula saturnus. The coding assignment of Thr to CUN is uncertain in Kluyveromyces thermotolerans Clark-Walker and Weiller, 1994. Back to top 4. The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code (transl_table=4) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts =--MM---M---MMMM---M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 4 Standard UGA Trp W Ter*Alternative Initiation Codons: Trypanosoma: UUA, UUG, CUG Leishmania: AUU, AUA Tertrahymena: AUU, AUA, AUG Paramecium: AUU, AUA, AUG, AUC, GUG, GUA(?( Pritchard et_al. 1990) Systematic Range: Mycoplasmatales: Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma (Bove et_al. 1989); Fungi: Emericella nidulans, Neurospora crassa, Podospora anserina, Acremonium (Fox, 1987), Candida parapsilosis (Guelin et_al. 1991), Trichophyton rubrum (de Bievre and Dujon, 1992), Dekkera/Brettanomyces, Eeniella (Hoeben et_al. 1993), and probably Ascobolus immersus, Aspergillus amstelodami, Claviceps_purpurea, and Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Protozoa: Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania tarentolae, Paramecium tetraurelia, Tetrahymena pyriformis and probably Plasmodium gallinaceum (Aldritt et_al. 1989). Metazoa: Coelenterata (Ctenophora and Cnidaria) Comments: This code is_used also for the kinetoplast DNA (maxicircles, minicircles. Kinetoplasts are_modified mitochondria (or their parts. This code is_used not in the Acholeplasmataceae and plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO)( Lim and Sears, 1992) Back to top 5. The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=5) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSSSVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts=--M---MMMM ---M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Comment: The codon AGG is absent in Drosophila. Differences from the Standard Code: Code 5 Standard AGA Ser S Arg R AGG Ser S Arg R AUA Met M Ile I UGA Trp W Ter*Alternative Initiation Codons: AUA, AUU AUC: Apis (Crozier and Crozier, 1993) GUG: Polyplacophora (Boore and Brown, 1994) UUG: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis Systematic Range: Nematoda: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis; Mollusca: Bivalvia (Hoffmann et_al. 1992); Polyplacophora (Boore and Brown, 1994) Arthropoda/Crustacea: Artemia (Batuecas et_al. 1988); Arthropoda/Insecta: Drosophila Locusta_migratoria (migratory_locust), Apis_mellifera (honeybee) Comments: GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila (Clary and Wolstenholme, 1985; Gadaleta et_al. 1988). AUU is_used not as an initiator in Mytilus (Hoffmann et_al. 1992).")" An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiation of translation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mrna in both D. melanogaster (de Bruijn, 1983) and D . yakuba (Clary and Wolstenholme 1983), since its only plausible initiation codon, AUA, is out of frame with the rest of the gene. Initiation appears to require the"reading"of of an AUAA quadruplet, which would be equivalent_to initiation at AUA followed immediately by a specific ribosomal frameshift. Another possible mechanism... is that the mrna is_edited"to bring the AUA initiation into frame."("Fox, 1987) Back to top 6. The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code (transl_table=6) AAS=FFLLSSSSYYQQCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts=--M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 6 Standard UAA Gln Q Ter*UAG Gln Q Ter*Systematic Range: Ciliata: Oxytricha and Stylonychia (Hoffman et_al. 1995), Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Oxytrichidae and probably Glaucoma chattoni. Dasycladaceae: Acetabularia (Schneider et_al. 1989) and Batophora (Schneider and de Groot, 1991. Diplomonadida: Scope: Hexamita inflata, Diplomonadida ATCC50330, and ATCC50380. Ref.:Keeling, P. J. and Doolittle, W. F. 1996. A non-canonical genetic code in an early diverging eukaryotic lineage. The EMBO Journal 15,2285-2290. Comment: The ciliate macronuclear code has not been_determined completely. The codon UAA is_known to code for Gln only in the Oxytrichidae. Back to top Tables 7 and 8 have_been_deleted 9. The Echinoderm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=9) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts=--M_m ---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 9 Standard AAA Asn N Lys K AGA Ser S Arg R AGG Ser S Arg R UGA Trp W Ter*Systematic Range: Asterozoa (starfishes)( Himeno et_al. 1987) Echinozoa (sea_urchins)( Jacobs et_al. 1988; Cantatore et_al. 1989) Rhabditophora among the Platyhelminthes (Telford et_al. 2000) Back to top 10. The Euplotid Nuclear Code (transl_table=10) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCCWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts =--M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 10 Standard UGA Cys C Ter*Systematic Range: Ciliata: Euplotidae (Hoffman et_al. 1995. Back to top 11. The Bacterial and Plant Plastid Code (transl_table=11) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts=--M_m---MMMM ---M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: None Alternative Initiation Codons: GUG, UUG, AUU, CUG Systematic Range: Prokaryotes including the eubacteria (Kozak, 1983) and archaebacteria (Brown et_al. 1989; Noelling et_al. unpublished). Comments: UGA codes at low efficiency for Trp in Bacillus_subtilis and, presumably, in Escherichia_coli (Hatfiled and Diamond, 1993. CUG is_known to function as an initiator for_one plasmid-encoded protein (Repa) in Escherichia_coli (Spiers and Bergquist, 1992) and possibly in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Noelling et_al. unpublished) There_is no record of AUU initition codon for the archaebacteria . Since Dec. 15 2000, code 11 is_used also as the default translation table for all chloroplast proteins. Back to top 12. The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code (transl_table=12) AAS =FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLSPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts=--M_m---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 12 Standard CUG Ser Leu Alternative Initiation Codons: CAG may_be_used in Candida_albicans (Santos et_al. 1993). Systematic Range: Endomycetales (yeasts: Candida_albicans, Candida cylindracea, Candida melibiosica, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida rugosa (Ohama et_al.,1993). Comment: However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces_cerevisiae, Candida azyma, Candida diversa, Candida magnoliae, Candida rugopelliculosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Zygoascus hellenicus, definitely use the standard (nuclear) code (Ohama et_al.,1993). ) Back to top 13. The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=13) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSGGVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts=--M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 13 Standard AGA Gly G Arg R AGG Gly G Arg R AUA Met M Ile I UGA Trp W Ter*Systematic Range: Ascidiacea (sea_squirts: Pyuridae (Durrheim et_al. 1993; Yokobori et_al. 1993) Back to top 14. The Flatworm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=14) AAS=FFLLSSSSYYY*CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts=--M---Base1 =TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 14 Standard AAA Asn N Lys K AGA Ser S Arg R AGG Ser S Arg R UAA Tyr Y Ter*UGA Trp W Ter*Systematic Range: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Back to top 15. Blepharisma Nuclear Code (transl_table=15) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY*QCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts=--M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Differences from the Standard Code: Code 10 GSTANDARD UAG Gln Q Ter*Systematic Range: Ciliata: Blepharisma (Liang and Heckman, 1993) Back to top 16. Chlorophycean Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=16) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY*LCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts=--M---Base1 =TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Systematic Range: Chlorophyceae: Hayashi-Ishiimaru, Y, T. Ohama, Y. Kawatsu, K. Nakamura, S. Osawa, 1996. Current Genetics 30: 29-33 Medline Back to top 21. Trematode Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=21) AAS=FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDE GGGG Starts=--M_m---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Systematic Range: Trematoda: Ohama, T_s. Osawa, K. Watanabe, T. H. Jukes, 1990. J. Molec Evol. 30 Medline Garey, J. R. and D. R. Wolstenholme, 1989. J. Molec . Evol. 28: 374-387 329-332. Medline Other Alternative Initiation Codons GUG, UUG (and possibly CUG) in the Archaea (Noelling et_al. unpublished) AUA, GUG, UUG, and AUC or AAG may_be_used (at_least in experimental systems) by the yeasts Saccharomyces_cerevisiae (Olsen, 1987, and references therein). ACG initiates translation of certain proteins in the adeno-associated virus type 2 (Becerra et_al. 1985), the phage T7 mutant CR17 (Anderson and Buzash-Pollert, 1985), Sendai virus (Gupta and Patwardhan, 1988), and rice chloroplast (Hiratsuka et_al.,1989). Also, it is the most effective non-AUG initiation codon in mammalin cells (Koepke and Leggatt, 1991. CUG is the initiation codon for_one of the two alternative products of the human c-myc gene (Hann et_al. 1987). ) Back to top 22. Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial Code (transl_table=22) AAS=FFLLSS*SYY*LCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts =--M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format Systematic Range: Scenedesmus obliquus: Nedelcu A, Lee RW, Lemieux C, Gray MW and Burger G."The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Scenedesmus obliquus reflects an intermediate stage in the evolution of the green algal mitochondrial genome.""Genome Research (in press. Other Alternative Initiation Codons GUG, UUG (and possibly CUG) in the Archaea (Noelling et_al. unpublished) AUA, GUG, UUG, and AUC or AAG may_be_used (at_least in experimental systems) by the yeasts Saccharomyces_cerevisiae (Olsen, 1987, and references therein). ACG initiates translation of certain proteins in the adeno-associated virus type 2 (Becerra et_al. 1985), the phage T7 mutant CR17 (Anderson and Buzash-Pollert, 1985), Sendai virus (Gupta and Patwardhan, 1988), and rice chloroplast (Hiratsuka et_al.,1989). Also, it is the most effective non-AUG initiation codon in mammalin cells (Koepke and Leggatt, 1991. CUG is the initiation codon for_one of the two alternative products of the human c-myc gene (Hann et_al. 1987). ) Back to top 23. Thraustochytrium Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=23) AAS=FF*LSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGG G Starts=--M_m ---M---Base1=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2=TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGG TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3=TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format This code has_been_created for the mitochondrial genome of the labyrinthulid Thraustochytrium aureum sequenced by the The Organelle Genome Megasequencing Program (OGMP. It is the similar to the bacterial code (trans_table 11) but it contains an additional stop codon (TTA) and also has a different set of start codons. Back to top Cited References Aldritt, S_m.,Joseph, J. T, . and Wirth, D. F. 1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 3614-3620. Medline Anderson, C. W. and Buzash-Pollert, E. 1985) Mol. Cell. Biol . 5, 3621-3624. Medline Batuecas, B.,Garesse, R.,Calleja, M.,Valverde, J. 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