http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/help/pmhelp.html

Pubmed Help Pubmed Pubmed Nucleotide Protein Genome Structure Popset Taxonomy OMIM Books Pubmed Help Updated: June 10,2002 Pubmed Searching Author Journal Automatic Term Mapping Truncation Phrase Searching Additional Search Rules Boolean Commands & Search Field Descriptions and Tags Subsets Cookies Creating a Web Link (Print hint: Open and print this link separately) Features Bar Limits Preview/Index History Clipboard Details Cubby Registration Cubby Stored Searches Linkout Preferences Document Delivery Services Documents Display Sort Save Print Order Links Related Articles Computation of Related Articles (Print hint: Open and print this link separately) Linkout (Full-Text) Books Other Services Text Version Journal Browser Mesh Browser Single Citation Matcher Batch Citation Matcher Clinical Queries Customer Support and Training Publications References Search Field Descriptions and Tags Mesh Subheadings & Families of Mesh Subheading Explosions NLM Author Indexing Policy Publication Types Stopwords MEDLINE Display Format Grant Abbreviations and Institute Acronyms Pubmed Searching Pubmed was_developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the Overview contains additional information. Databases on the black menu_bar are links to Pubmed and the other NCBI resources. Pubmed searching is easy just enter search terms in the query box, and press the Enter key or click Go. The Features bar directly beneath the query box provides access to additional search options. The Pubmed query box and Features bar are available from every screen, so you don't_need to return to the homepage to enter a new search. You may enter one or more terms (e_g, . vitamin_c common_cold) in the query box and Pubmed automatically combines (ANDS) significant terms together using automatic term mapping. The terms are_searched in various fields of the citation . If your search includes Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT, they must be in upper_case, e_g.,, vitamin_c OR zinc. Once you click Go, Pubmed will display your search results. The query box displays your search terms as you entered them. You can modify your current search by adding or eliminating terms in the query box or In_details. If you applied Limits, the check box next to Limits will_be_marked and a listing of your limit selections will_be_displayed. To turn_off the existing limits, click on the check box to remove the check before running your next search. Author To search by an author's_name enter the name in the format of last_name plus initials (no punctuation e_g.,smith ja, jones k. Pubmed automatically truncates the author's_name to account_for varying initials and designations such_as Jr. or 2nd. A name entered using this format will search in the author field . If only the author's last_name is_entered, Pubmed searches the name in All Fields, except when the author name is found in the Mesh (National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings) Translation table (e_g, . Yang will search as Yin-Yang Mesh or Yang Text Word.)To search for an author in the author field when only the last_name is available qualify the author with the author search field tag au, e_g.,, yang au. Note: Use double_quotes around the author's_name with the author search field tag au to turn_off the automatic truncation, e_g.,","smith j"au. Journal Titles You may search by the full journal title, e_g.,molecular_biology of the cell; the MEDLINE abbreviation, e_g.,mol biol cell; or the ISSN number (standardized international code), e_g, . 1059-1524. See the Journal Browser for the full journal titles. Note: If a journal is also a Mesh term (e_g.,, Gene Therapy, Science, or Cell), Pubmed will search the unqualified term as Mesh. Qualify the journal title with the Journal Title search field tag, e_g.,, gene therapy ta, to search for the journal. Qualify single word journal titles using the Journal Title search field tag, e_g.,, scanning ta, as Pubmed will search unqualified single journal titles as Mesh terms (if applicable) or in All Fields. Searching with the full journal title or MEDLINE abbreviation is_recommended for complete retrieval of indexed items; the ISSN number is_guaranteed not to be_on older citations . If a journal includes parentheses or brackets, enter the name without the parentheses or brackets, e_g.,enter J Hand Surg Am as J Hand Surg Am. See_also: Single Citation Matcher Batch Citation Matcher Automatic Term Mapping Unqualified terms that are_entered in the query box are_matched (in_this order ) against a Mesh (Medical Subject Headings) Translation Table, a Journals Translation Table, a Phrase List, and an Author Index. Pubmed ignores stopwords from search queries. 1. Mesh Translation Table The Mesh translation table contains Mesh Terms, the See-Reference mappings (also_known_as entry terms) for Mesh Heading terms, Mesh Subheadings, terms derived from the Unified Medical Language_system (UMLS) that have equivalent synonyms or lexical variants in English, and the Supplementary Concept (Substance) Names, and their synonyms. If a match is found in_this translation table, the term will_be_searched as Mesh and as a Text Word. For_example, if you enter vitamin_h in the query box, Pubmed will translate this search to:(""Biotin"Mesh Terms OR vitamin_h Text Word)- vitamin_h is an entry term for the Mesh term Biotin. Note: Click on Details to verify how your terms are_translated. If you want_to report a translation that does not seem accurate for your search topic, please e-mail the information to pubmed@ncbi. nlm. nih. gov 2. Journals Translation Table The Journals translation table contains the full journal title, the MEDLINE abbreviation, and the ISSN number. These map to the journal abbreviation which is_used to search journals in Pubmed. For_example, if you enter the journal title, new_england journal of medicine in the Pubmed query box, Pubmed will translate this search to:""N Engl J Med"Journal. 3. Phrase List If no match is found in the Mesh or Journals Translation tables, Pubmed consults a Phrase List. Phrases on this list are_generated from Mesh, the UMLS, and Supplementary Concept Substance Names, e_g.,cold compresses. 4. Author Index If the phrase is not found in the above tables or list, and is a word with one or two letters after it, Pubmed then checks the Author index . If no match is found? Pubmed breaks apart the phrase and repeats the above automatic term mapping process until a match is found. If there_is no match, the individual terms will_be_combined (ANDED) together and searched in All Fields. See_also: Truncation Phrase Searching (forcing Pubmed to search for a phrase) Truncation (finding all terms that begin with a given text string) Place an asterisk at_the_end_of a term to search for all terms that begin with_that word; for_instance flavor*will find all terms that begin with the letters flavor, e_g.,flavored, flavorful, flavoring, etc. Pubmed searches for the first 150 variations of a truncated term. If a truncated term, e_g, . staph*,produces more_than 150 variations, Pubmed displays the warning message shown below. Wildcard search for'term*'used only the first 150 variations. Lengthen the root_word to search for all endings. Note: Phrases that include a space in a word after the asterisk WILL_NOT be_included; for_example, infection*includes infections, but not infection control. Truncation turns off automatic term mapping and the automatic explosion of a Mesh term. For_example, heart_attack*will_not map to the Mesh term, Myocardial_infarction or include any of the more specific terms, e_g.,Myocardial_stunning; Shock, Cardiogenic. Phrase Searching (specifying a phrase in a search) Pubmed does not actually perform adjacency searching, but uses a list of recognized phrases against which search terms are_matched. Many phrases are_recognized by Pubmed's automatic term mapping feature. For_example, if you enter poison_ivy, Pubmed recognizes these two words as a phrase and searches it as one search term. If your phrase is_recognized not, you can instruct Pubmed to check for a phrase in the Index of searchable terms. This_is done by entering quotes(""around the phrase, e_g.,"single cell.""Note: If your search phrase is not on the list of recognized phrases, then the double_quotes are_ignored and the phrase is_processed using automatic term mapping. Your phrase may actually appear in the citation and abstract data, yet not be_on the phrase list. When you enclose a phrase in double_quotes, Pubmed will_not perform automatic term mapping. For_example,"health planning"will include citations that are_indexed to the Mesh term, Health Planning, but will_not include the more specific terms, e_g.,Health_care Rationing, Health_care Reform, Health Plan Implementation and_so_on that are_included typically with the automatic Mesh mapping. For Additional Information on Search Strategies, see_also: Limits Additional Search Commands Additional Search Rules Boolean and Syntax Possessive Names Search Field Qualification Dates & Date Ranging Subsets Boolean and Syntax Boolean operators, AND, OR, NOT must be_entered in upper_case, e_g.,, vitamin_c OR zinc. Pubmed processes all Boolean connectors in a left-to-right sequence. You can change the order that Pubmed processes a search statement by enclosing individual concepts in parentheses. The terms inside the set of parentheses will_be_processed as a unit and then incorporated into the overall strategy, e_g.,common_cold AND (vitamin_c OR zinc. If Pubmed finds a phrase within a search strategy string that uses unqualified terms it will automatically search the terms as a phrase rather than combining the individual words. For_example, if you enter air_bladder fistula in the Pubmed query box, Pubmed will search"air_bladder"as a phrase. If you do not want this automatic phrase parsing enter each term separated by the Boolean operator AND, e_g.,, air AND bladder AND fistula. Click Details to see how Pubmed translated your search strategy. Follow Pubmed's search and syntax rules to enter search terms, specify the search field to be_searched, and the Boolean operators in your search statement: search term tag BOOLEAN OPERATOR search term tag Examples of Boolean Search Statements: Find citations on DNA that were_authored by Dr. Crick in 1993. dna mh AND crick au AND 1993 dp Find articles that deal with the effects of heat or humidity on multiple_sclerosis, where these words appear in all fields in the citation. heat OR humidity) AND multiple_sclerosis Find English_language review_articles that discuss the treatment of asthma in preschool children. asthma/therapy mh AND review pt AND child, preschool mh AND english la Find citations about arthritis excluding the Publication Type Letter. arthritis NOT letter pt Possessive Names as Part_of Terms If you are searching for a term named for an individual, be sure to include the full name of the term, e_g, . crohn's_disease or coon's technique. The possessive form is_required not, i_e.,crohn_disease, can be_used. Alternatively, use the non-possessive form of the term with the tw search tag, e_g.,hodgkin tw. Search Field Qualification Terms can be_qualified using Pubmed's Search Field tags. Add the search tag after the term, e_g, . aromatherapy mh. Search field tags must be_enclosed in square_brackets, mh. Case does not matter nor does spacing, e_g, . crabs mh=Crabs mh. Dates & Date Ranging Dates or date ranges must be_entered using the format YYYY/MM /DD date field, e_g, . 1997/10/06 edat or 1998/03/15 dp. The month and day are optional, e_g.,1997 edat or 1997/03 dp. To enter a date range, insert a colon(:) between each date, e_g.,1993: 1995 edat or 1997/01: 1997/06 edat. Pubmed's Date Fields: Date of Publication DP Entrez Date EDAT The date the citation first entered Pubmed. Mesh Date MHDA The date the citation was_indexed with Mesh terms. Date ranging is also available from the fill-in-the-blank selection on the Limits screen. Subsets Pubmed's subsets provide an easy way to limit retrieval to particular citations. There_are four types of Pubmed subsets: Subject, Citation Status, Journal/Citation, and Pubmed Central. Pubmed's Limits screen has a Subsets pull_down menu from which many of these subsets can be_selected. Alternatively, any subset can be_incorporated into a search as explained below. Subject Subset: Citations to articles on specialized topics. The following subject subsets are available: AIDS, Bioethics, Complementary_medicine, History of Medicine, Space Life_sciences, Systematic Reviews, and Toxicology. Each uses its own specialized search strategy to aid in the retrieval of citations on these topics. Subject subsets (except Systematic Reviews) may_be_selected from the Subsets pull_down menu in Limits. Systematic Reviews can be_searched from the Clinical Queries screen. Alternatively, each subject subset can be_searched using the respective search value of aids, bioethics, cam, history, space, systematic, or tox and the SB search tag. Example: asthma AND cam sb Note: Do not confuse the subject subsets for AIDS, Bioethics, History of Medicine, and Space Life_sciences with the Journal/Citation Subsets for the same topics, i_e.,, jsubsetx, jsubsete, jsubsetq, and jsubsets. Citation Status Subsets: Citations that are in a particular stage of processing. One of the following Citation Status tags displays next to the PMID on all Pubmed citations: Pubmed-as supplied by publisher: This tag displays on citations that were_added recently to Pubmed via electronic submission from a publisher, from journals not indexed for MEDLINE, or are from a journal that was_accepted for MEDLINE after the citations'publication date. Pubmed-in process: This tag indicates the citations will_be_reviewed for accurate bibliographic data and indexed, i_e.,the articles will_be_reviewed and Mesh vocabulary will_be_assigned (if the subject of the article is within the scope of MEDLINE). Pubmed-indexed for MEDLINE: This tag displays on citations that have_been_indexed with Mesh, Publication Types, Registry Numbers, etc. and have_been_reviewed for accurate bibliographic data. Additional information in Pubmed's Overview. The Citation Status subsets can be_selected from the Subset pull_down menu in Limits, or searched using the respective search value of, publisher, in process, or medline and the SB search tag. Example: n engl j med AND medline sb Journal/Citation Subsets: Citations to articles from specialized journals or to articles on specialized topics in other journals. Values used for searching are_listed below followed by an explanation. Some subsets are_closed and no_longer being_assigned to current data. AIM-Abridged Index Medicus is_created a list 20 years ago of 120 core clinical English_language journals. Corresponds to"Core clinical journals"subset in Limits. D-dentistry journals E-citations from bioethics journals or selected bioethics citations from other journals H-health administration journals, non-Index Medicus IM-Index Medicus journals K-consumer health journals , non-Index Medicus N-nursing journals Q-history of medicine journals and selected citations from other journals S -citations from space life_sciences journals and selected space life_sciences citations from other journals T-health technology assessment journals, non-Index Medicus X-AIDS/HIV journals (selected citations from other journals 1980-2000) To search for a Journal/Citation subset use jsubset? where? stands for the subset value, listed above. Example: neoplasms AND jsubsete Note: The Journal/Citation subset does not use a search tag. Search LOCATORPLUS, NLM's catalog of books, audiovisuals, and journals for journals in these subsets. Pubmed Central: Citations with links to full-text in Pubmed Central. This subset may_be_selected from the Subsets menu in Limits. Alternatively, it may_be_searched as: medline pmc sb. Example: protein p53 AND medline pmc sb Citations with Abstracts: To search for citations with abstracts use the value'hasabstract'.'Example: neoplasms AND hasabstract Note: The'hasabstract'value does not use a search field tag. Limiting to only items with abstracts is also available form the Limits screen. Ahead of Print Citations Some publishers supply Pubmed with citations for articles that appear on the web in_advance_of the journal issue's release. These citations display the tag epub ahead of print immediately following the date of publication. Search for these citations with'pubstatusaheadofprint'.'Example: pubstatusaheadofprint AND gene Cookies What is a"cookie?""A"cookie"is_sent information by a web_site server (e_g.,, Pubmed) to your computer. In the case of Pubmed, it is information about your interactions that may_be_needed later to perform a function. Cookies allow Pubmed to provide more interactive features such_as Preview/Index, Clipboard, History, and the Cubby. Cookies placed by Pubmed are_removed from your computer after a set time_period. If you are_interested, there_are many web_sites that provide information about cookies. Netscape provides technical information. How can I tell if my system accepts cookies? Cookie-dependent features of Pubmed include Preview/Index, History, Clipboard, and the Cubby. To use these features, your system must be able to accept cookies. If you still have problems using cookie-dependent features of Pubmed even after enabling cookies possible reasons may include: 1) Cookies are_blocked by your provider or institution: Check with your Internet provider and/or the system administrator at your institution to see if cookies can be_accepted. Even_if you have_enabled them in your web_browser, if they are_blocked by your provider or institution (e_g.,by a firewall, proxy server, etc. cookie-dependent features of Pubmed won't work. 2) Your computer's date & time settings are incorrect: Check your computer's time settings to ensure that they are correct. Enabling Cookies: Given the number of possible combinations of computer platforms, operating_systems, and web_browser versions, we are unable to provide instructions for enabling cookies on your computer. Consult your browser's help for information on enabling cookies. Features Bar Limits Click Limits from the Features bar to limit your search to specific age_group, gender, or human or animal studies. Limits also allows you to restrict to articles published in a specific language, and to specific types of articles such_as review_articles. You can limit by either Entrez or Publication Date. And lastly, you may limit your retrieval to a specific subset of citations within Pubmed such_as AIDS-related citations or nursing journals. Note: If you select a limit and either run a search or move to another screen, a check will appear in a box next to Limits on the Features bar to indicate that limits have_been_selected. If you then run a search, the limits in_effect will appear in the yellow bar above the Display button. To turn_off the limits before you run your next search, click on the box to remove the check. Field Selection You may limit your search terms to a specific search field. All Fields is the default for searching. To select a specific field click the All Fields pull_down menu and select a search field. See_also: Search Field Qualification Only Items with Abstracts You may limit your retrieval to only citations that contain an abstract by using the check box next to only items with abstracts. Citations to articles published prior to 1975 do not include abstracts. Publication Types All citations in Pubmed are for journal articles. However, you may limit your retrieval based_on the type of material the article represents (e_g.,Clinical Trials or Review_articles. The Publication Types pull_down menu contains a list of frequently searched publication types. If you do not make a selection, Pubmed will_not restrict to any particular publication type. The available selections are: Clinical Trial Editorial Letter Meta-Analysis Practice Guideline Randomized Controlled Trial Review Note: If you use the Publication Types pull_down menu to select a search field, your retrieval will_be_limited to MEDLINE citations. The in process and supplied by publisher citations will_be_excluded as they have_completed not_yet the indexing process and will_not include a Publication Type. See_also: Complete list of Publication Types Pubmed indexes journals published in approximately forty languages. The Languages pull_down menu contains a list of frequently searched languages. If you do not select a language, Pubmed will_not limit your retrieval by language. Languages To select a language, click on the Languages pull_down menu and select one of the following languages: English French German Italian Japanese Russian Spanish Ages To select a specific age_group for human studies, click on the Ages pull_down menu and select from one of the age_groups listed below. If you do not make a selection, Pubmed will_not limit your retrieval by age_groups. All Infant: birth-23 month All Child: 0-18 years All Adult: 19+years Newborn: birth-1 month Infant: 1-23 months Preschool Child: 2-5 years Child: 6-12 years Adolescent: 13-18 years Adult: 19-44 years Middle Aged: 45-64 years Aged: 65+years 80 and over: 80+years Note: If you use the Ages pull_down menu to select a search field, your retrieval will_be_limited to MEDLINE citations. The in process and supplied by publisher citations are_excluded automatically as they have_completed not_yet the indexing process and do not carry these data. Gender To select a specific gender for a human study, click on the Gender pull_down menu and select either Female or Male. If you do not make a selection, Pubmed will_not limit your retrieval by gender. Note: If you use the Gender pull_down menu to select a search field, your retrieval will_be_limited to MEDLINE citations. The in process and supplied by publisher citations are_excluded automatically as they have_completed not_yet the indexing process and do not carry these data. Human or Animal To select a specific study group, click on the Human or Animal pull_down menu and select either, Human or Animal. If you do not make a selection, Pubmed will_not limit your retrieval by Human and Animal studies. Note: If you use the Human or Animal pull_down menu to select a search field, your retrieval will_be_limited to MEDLINE citations. The in process and supplied by publisher citations are_excluded automatically as they have_completed not_yet the indexing process and do not carry these data. Subsets The Subsets pull_down menu allows you to limit your retrieval to one of the following subsets: AIDS Bioethics Complementary_medicine Core clinical journals Dental journals History of Medicine MEDLINE Nursing journals In process Publisher Pubmed Central Space Life_sciences Toxicology Note: To search for PMIDS and a Subset selection you must enter the search field tag uid after each PMID, e_g.,, 11847451 uid OR 11816401 uid OR 11799249 uid. Dates Pubmed contains citations published back to 1966 and new citations are_added daily. The Entrez Date is the date the citation was_added to Pubmed. The Publication Date is the date the article was_published. When Pubmed displays your search results, the citations are_displayed in descending Entrez Date order i_e.,, last in, first out. If you do not specify a date range, Pubmed searches for citations to articles back to 1966. Use the Entrez Date pull_down menu to limit your search back in_time from 30 days to 10 years. The Publication Date pull_down menu toggles between Publication Date and Entrez Date. Use the From and To boxes to specify a range of dates. Enter the dates in the format of YYYY/MM/DD; the month and day are optional, e_g.,1999/03/06, or 1999/07, or 2000. Preview/Index Use the Preview/Index feature to: Preview the number of search results before displaying the citations. Refine search strategies by adding one or more terms one_at_a_time. Add terms to a strategy from specific search fields. View and select terms from the Index to develop search strategies. To preview the number of results before displaying the citations, type your term (s) in the query box and click Preview. Preview displays the number of citations in your search results. To refine your search strategy, add another term to the existing term (s) in the query box and click Preview. The additional terms will_be_combined with the existing terms and the new search with the new number of citations will display. Continue adding terms until your strategy is complete. To display your results, click on the result number (hypertext) in the Preview display. To search for terms from specific search fields use the Add Term (s) to Query text box. Select a search field from the All Fields pull_down menu and enter a term in the text box. Click AND, OR, or NOT to add the term to the query box with the appropriate search field tag, or click Preview to see the number of results. The available Boolean operators are: Intersection (AND)- only those citations that contain selected terms. Union (OR)- citations that contain at_least one of the selected terms. Difference (NOT)- exclude citations with the selected term. You can also use Index to select from a list of terms within a search field. Select a search field from the All Fields pull_down menu, enter a term in the box, and click Index. Pubmed displays an alphabetic list of terms in the Index for the selected search field. The number of citations in Pubmed that contain the term appears in parentheses to the right of the term. You can scroll up or down the list or click Up or Down to move along in the Index. Highlight a term by clicking on_it. Then click the appropriate operator, AND, OR, NOT. The selected term will_be_added to the query box. To OR together multiple terms from an Index display and then add (or AND) them to your search, click on each term while holding down the Ctrl-key (PC) or the Command_key (Mac). When all_the terms you want are_highlighted, click the connector AND to add the terms (ORED together) to the query. You may then continue to add additional terms from other search fields. Once your strategy is complete, click Preview to see the number of results, or click Go_to display the citations. For_example, to see the Mesh Terms beginning with"chickenpox, "select Mesh Terms from the All Fields pull_down menu, enter the term, chickenpox, in the text box, and click Index. Scroll down in the Index box, highlight the Mesh Term"chickenpox vaccine,""and click AND.""Chickenpox vaccine"Mesh Terms will_be_added to the query box. Note: Preview/Index displays the last three queries from History. Use History to review up_to the last 100 queries. Pubmed automatically truncates on the author's_name to account_for varying initials, e_g.,, smith j will retrieve smith ja, smith jb, smith j jr, etc. When an author's_name is_displayed with the@symbol after the first initial, it reflects the authors in Pubmed without a middle initial e_g.,, smith j@will only retrieve smith j. Pubmed processes all Boolean operators left to right. To change this order enclose search terms to be_processed first in parentheses e_g.,common_cold AND (vitamin_c OR zinc. You may edit (e_g.,, add parentheses) in any query box. Pubmed will automatically OR (and add parentheses) for multiple terms selected from the Index. Preview uses cookies to keep a history of your searches. In_order for you to use this feature your web_browser must be set to accept cookies. History Pubmed holds all your search strategies and results in History. You can see your search History by clicking on History from the Features bar. History is only available after you run your first search. History lists and numbers your searches in the order in which they were run. History displays the search number your search query, the time of search, and the number of citations in your results. To view the results from a search, click on the number of results. You can combine searches or add additional terms to an existing search by using the pound sign(#)before the search number, e_g.,#2 AND#6, or#3 AND (drug therapy OR diet therapy). Once you have_entered a revised search strategy in the query box, click Go_to view the search results. Click Clear History to remove all searches from the History screen and the Preview/Index screen. Note: The maximum number of queries held in History is 100. Once the maximum number is_reached, Pubmed will remove the oldest search from the History to add the most current search. The Search History will_be_lost after one hour of inactivity on Pubmed or any of the other Entrez databases. The Clear History button in History will also clear the Preview/Index history information. Pubmed will move a search statement number to the top of the History if the new search is the same as a previous search. A separate Search History will_be_kept for each of the Entrez databases although the search statement numbers will_be_assigned sequentially for all databases. Pubmed uses cookies to keep a history of your searches. In order for you to use this feature your web_browser must be set to accept cookies. Citations in the Clipboard are_represented by the search number#0 which may_be_used in Boolean search statements. For_example, to limit the citations you have_collected in the Clipboard to English_language citations use the following search:##0 AND english la. This does not change or replace the Clipboard contents. History search numbers may_not be continuous because some numbers are_assigned to intermediate processes such_as displaying a citation in another format. Clipboard The Clipboard gives you a place to collect selected citations from one search or several searches. After you add citations to the Clipboard you may then want_to use the print, save, or order buttons. The maximum number of items that can be_placed in the Clipboard is 500. Once you have_added items to the Clipboard, you can click on Clipboard from the Features bar to view your selections. Add_to Clipboard To place an item in the Clipboard, click on the check box to the left of the citation and then click Clip Add. Once you have_added a citation to the Clipboard, the record number color will change to green. Note: If you click Clip Add without selecting citations using the check box, Pubmed will add all (up_to 500 citations) of your search results to the Clipboard. The Clipboard will_be_lost after one hour of inactivity on Pubmed or any of the other Entrez databases. Pubmed uses cookies to add your selections to the Clipboard. In_order for you to use this feature your web_browser must be set to accept cookies. Citations in the Clipboard are_represented by the search number#0 which may_be_used in Boolean search statements. For_example, to limit the citations you have_collected in the Clipboard to English_language citations use the following search:##0 AND english la. This does not affect or replace the Clipboard contents. Saving from the Clipboard Citations are_displayed initially in the summary format in the order they were_added. Use Sort to change the order. You can select all or individual citations to display or save in one of the citation display formats. Select the desired format from the pull_down menu, click Save to save your selections to a file, or use the Print feature of your web_browser to print the citations. Printing from your web_browser will only print the information and citations listed on the web_page. You may also display citations as plain text without the sidebar menu and toolbars by clicking the Text button. Note: Your results may_be on more_than one page. Pubmed will retain your selections from all pages of your results. To mark specific citations to save, click on the check box to the left of each citation and continue to page through your results. Use Save to save all_the selected citations to a file. See_also: Printing Ordering Documents in the Clipboard Order allows you to_order the full-text copy of an article from a library in your area using the Order Documents feature of Pubmed. Note: Prior to using this program you must establish an agreement with a Loansome Doc participating library. Local fees may apply. For information on the medical libraries in your area (or country) that can provide the Loansome Doc service, click on Order Documents from the Pubmed sidebar menu, then"Registration"from the Loansome Doc Ordering System screen. You may use the Clipboard to collect items from multiple searches before ordering. Once you have_registered with Loansome Doc, you can order citations, by clicking on the check box to the left of each citation in the Clipboard. When you have finished marking your selections (you may move to other pages within the Clipboard) click Order. Citations will remain in the Clipboard after the order process. Deleting Citations from the Clipboard You can delete citations from your Clipboard. To mark citations for deletion, click on the check box to the left of the citation and click Clip Remove. To empty your entire Clipboard, do not mark any of the citations, simply click Clip Remove. Details Details lets you view your search strategy as it was_translated using Pubmed's automatic term mapping and search rules and syntax. Also, from Details, you can save a search query or edit the search query and resubmit it. The Details window may contain error messages and notes. If your last action was displaying related article citations or selected items in another format, Details will indicate this rather than the last query. Editing Your Search In_details The Pubmed Query box shows the actual search strategy and syntax used to run the search. Beneath this box, the Result number hyperlink displays the total number of matches for the current search. To return to the current search results screen, click this link or use the"Back"function of your Web_browser. The Translations area details how each term was_translated using Pubmed's search rules and syntax, and the User Query area shows the search terms as you entered them in the query box. To edit the search strategy in the Pubmed Query box, click in the box to add or delete terms and then click Search. Saving a Search Strategy from Details From the Details window, use the URL button to display the current search strategy as a URL and then bookmark the URL for future use. To save a search strategy: From the Details window, click on URL. Pubmed will return to the search results screen. The translated search strategy will_be_displayed in the query box and this search strategy will also be_embedded as part_of the URL Next, use your Web_browser's bookmark function to save the URL as a bookmark. After saving the bookmark, you may want_to use your Web_browser's edit functions to rename the bookmark. You may also save your search strategies using the Cubby. Note: Searches that were_created using a search statement number in History (e_g.,(,(#1 or#2 AND human mh) should not be_saved using the URL feature as the search statements represented by these numbers are_lost when History is_deleted. Cubby The Cubby stores search strategies, that may_be_updated at any time, and Linkout preferences to specify which Linkout providers you want displayed in Pubmed, and changes the default document delivery service. In_order for you to use this feature your web_browser must be set to accept cookies. Registering for the Cubby Click Cubby from the Pubmed sidebar. Then click"I Want_to Register for Cubby.""Provide (make_up) the following information, then click Register: User Name (3-10 characters) Password (6-8 characters) Mother's Maiden_name, or Pet's Name (In the event you forget your password.)Record this information for your future reference, because we cannot access this for you. Logging In You must login to access the Cubby. This login will remain active for 12 hours. If you've already registered, type your User Name and Password and click Login. Forgot Your Password? If you've forgotten your password, click"Help! I Forgot My Password.""In the Password Forgotten box, enter your User Name and click on Lookup. Enter either your Mother's maiden_name or your Pet's name on the_next screen. Once this has_been_verified, the Cubby will assign you a new Password. Make a note of this as you will_need it to Login to the Cubby, and if you want_to change your password to something you can easily remember. Changing Your Password Select Change Password from the Cubby Resources menu sidebar and enter your old password and new password, then click Change. Log_out Click Log_out from the Cubby sidebar to Log_out. Your Login will remain active for 12 hours unless you Log_out. Cubby Stored Searches Click on Cubby on the sidebar to store a search strategy, see a list of your stored searches, update, or delete a stored search. How to Store a Cubby Stored Search Run or Preview your search. You can store a search using terms and limits necessary for your topic. Click Cubby on the sidebar. Last Search displays the last search query, including limits, if used. If your last search is_displayed not, your system may_not be set to accept cookies. Edit the name of the search. Above the Store in Cubby button, there_is a box where you can edit the name of the search to something manageable yet meaningful. Examples, Headaches in Preschool Children, Dr. Murphy's Arthritis Update . Click on Store in Cubby. Note: Links to"Related Articles"cannot be_stored as a Cubby Stored Search. History numbers (e_g.,#,#3) cannot be_used in Cubby Stored Searches. Dates and date ranges are_recommended not for Stored Searches. Stored searches are_numbered and listed in descending order according_to the date and time they were_stored originally. The maximum number of stored searches is 100 per User Name. Any term from a field other_than title or abstract, on an in process or publisher supplied record, may cause the retrieval of a citation a second time. For_example when a term appears only in the ad field. Stored Searches can not be_edited. Stored Search Information To review information about a stored search click on the search name. Stored Search Information includes the search name, date and time last updated, database searched, search terms, and field limits, when applicable. Click Search to run the search without update limits. This will_not change the latest date and time for this Stored Search. Updating Cubby Stored Searches It is easy to check for new items since your last update. Select the stored search (es) you want_to update by clicking the check box (es) next to the Cubby Search Name. To select all searches click the Select/Deselect All check box. Click"What's New for Selected.""The Cubby displays the list of searches you selected along_with an additional column indicating the number of new items retrieved since the last_time you checked. If there_are no new items, the Cubby displays"0 new.""Click#new_to link to the new items. Clicking on this link displays the new items, and updates the stored search in the Cubby with the new Date and Time. If you do not click#new, the search date and time are_updated not. What's New Strategy The Cubby uses the following strategy, for unqualified searches, to find new citations for your search: Query AND T 1: T 2 MHDA Query TIAB AND 1900/00/00: T 1 EDAT#1 NOT#2 Where: Query=Stored search strategy. T 1=The date and time the search was_updated last. T 2=Today's date and time. 1900/00/00=The date that will include all citations. Note: Pubmed includes citations back to the early sixties. MHDA=The search tag for the Mesh date. This field reflects the date Mesh terms were_added to the citation. Note: until Mesh terms are_added, the MHDA value is the same as the EDAT.)EDAT=The search tag for the Entrez date field. This field reflects the date the citation was_added to Pubmed. TIAB=The search tag for words in the Title and Abstract fields. Details will_not display your Cubby search strategy after updating a Cubby search because three separate search strategies are run as explained above. Example: The stored search strategy is"dna repair.""The search was last updated on 2000/07/01 at 9: 30 am. Today's date and time is 2000/08/01 at 11: 00 am. dna repair Mesh Terms OR dna repair Text Word AND"2000/07/01 9: 30":"2000/08/01 11: 00"MHDA dna repair TIAB AND"1900/00/00":"2000/07/01 9: 30"EDAT#1 NOT#2 Note: Cubby Stored Searches that include search field tags use an abbreviated What's New search strategy to ensure all citations are_retrieved. Strategies that include the Search Field Tags AU, PS, IP, TA, LA, PG, TI, TIAB, or VI use the strategy: Query AND T 1: T 2 EDAT Strategies that include the Search Field Tags AD, FILTER, SB, RN, MAJR, MESH, PT, SI, SH, NM, or TW, or Tags from both lists, use the strategy: Query AND T 1: T 2 MHDA Deleting Stored Searches Select the stored search (es) you want_to delete by clicking the check box next to the Cubby Search Name. Next, click"Delete Selected Searches.""You can select and delete multiple searches at_a_time. Linkout Preferences Login, or Register for Cubby. Linkout is a service that provides links from items retrieved from Entrez databases to information providers. In Pubmed, the link to the citation provider displays with the abstract and citation format of an item. All other links to providers from a retrieved item display on the Linkout display page. Use Cubby Linkout Preferences to customize which links display. Whenever you login to the Cubby, Pubmed will display Linkout providers according_to your specifications. Setting your Preferences: You can change how provider links are_displayed by adding an icon or hiding a link from Linkout. Add Icon: Links to providers'web_sites can display on the fuller display formats (e_g.,, Abstract, Genbank) as icons. The Add Icon option controls which provider icons are_displayed. The default is for only the citation provider and Pubmed Central icons to be display with these formats. Hide from Linkout: This controls which provider links are_displayed on the Linkout display format. The default is for all_the provider links to display on the Linkout display format for each citation. Provider Categories This page lists the categories of Linkout providers and lets you choose whether or not to display all_the providers in a particular category. Click the Add Icon check box for a category if you want icons for all_the providers in_that category to show_up on the fuller display formats. Click the Hide from Linkout check box if you want_to remove the links from all_the providers in_that category on the Linkout display format. Clicking on a box that has a check_in it removes the check and deselects that option. Click"Update Linkout Preferences"to save any changes. View Providers by Category On the Provider Categories page, you can link on the Category Name to see which individual providers are_grouped in_that category. Each list also allows you to Add Icon/Hide links as described above. Click"Update Linkout Preferences"to save any changes. All Linkout Providers This page lists all_the Linkout providers in alphabetical order. Click the Add Icon check box if you want an icon for that provider to show_up on the fuller display formats. Click the Hide from Linkout check box if you want_to remove the link for that provider on the Linkout display format. Clicking on a box that has a check_in it removes the check and deselects that option. Click"Update Linkout Preferences"to save any changes. Click View to display new Linkout providers since the last_time you checked by clicking the View button. My Linkout Preferences You can see how your Preferences are set on the My Linkout Preferences page. The Add Icon/Hide from Linkout options are also available from this page for providers you have_modified. Click"Update Linkout Preferences"to save any changes. General Linkout Notes: Your Linkout preferences are in_effect only_when you are_logged into the Cubby. Your Login will remain active for 12 hours. When you select preferences from a list, this will_not be_reflected in other provider lists. For_example, if you chose to hide all Library Linkout providers, there will_not be a check_in the Hide check box for all_the libraries on the All Providers list. The category and individual providers are in separate sections on the page. If you make changes, be sure to click"Update Linkout Preferences"for that section. You may_not hide the citation provider or Pubmed Central icons from the Abstract and Citation display formats. Document Delivery Services The Pubmed Order button defaults to NLM's document delivery provider, Loansome Doc. Document Delivery Services provide alternative delivery services for the Order button. To change the Pubmed document delivery provider for your Order button, select from the services provided and click the Update button. Your Document Delivery preference is in_effect only_when you are_logged into the Cubby. Outside Tool allows institutions to register a tool with NCBI to supplement Linkout by providing a linking service from all Pubmed citations back to_that institution. When the outside tool parameter is set an icon displays on the Abstract and Citation format. The URL behind the icon is the base URL provided by the institution and the PMID of the displayed citation. Please send questions about this service to linkout@ncbi. nlm. nih. gov Documents Display Pubmed displays your search results in batches-the default is 20 citations per page. The Show pull_down menu allows you to increase the number of citations displayed on a single page up_to a maximum of 500 items. To do this: From the Summary Page, click on the Show pull_down menu and select a higher number. To have all_of the citations displayed on a single page, select a number higher than the total number of your search results. Click the Display button. Pubmed will redisplay your citations according_to your selection. Click on the Select Page_numbers to link to other search result pages. The current page_number is_displayed in red. Click on to see page_numbers greater than those displayed, or to see numbers less_than those displayed. Pubmed citations are_displayed initially in a summary format. Documents can be_viewed in one of six other formats: Summary (default), Brief, Abstract, Citation, MEDLINE and ASN. 1. You can choose to display other formats by: Individual Citation-click on the author hyperlink to display the Abstract format for that citation. From this view, you may select another format using the Display pull_down menu, then click Display. All Citations-Select a display format from the Display pull_down menu and then click Display to view a different display or Links for all citations on the page. Selected Citations-Click on the boxes to the left of each author to select specific citations and then select a format or Links from the Display pull_down menu and click Display. Display Formats Your citations can be_displayed in any of the following formats. See Search Field Descriptions for an explanation of the fields. Summary-This format may include: Authors, Title, Journal source, Review or Retracted Publication Publication Types, language if article is non-English,"No abstract available"notation, PMID and citation status. Brief-Authors, first 30 characters of the Title, and PMID. Abstract-This format may include: Journal source, Erratum, Retractions, Comments, Republished data, Updates, Title, language if article is non-English, Authors, Corporate Name, Author Affiliation, Abstract (if present), Publication Types (except for the Journal Article publication type), Personal Name as Subject, PMID and citation status. Citation-This format may include: Journal Source, Erratum, Retractions, Comments, Republished data, Updates, Title, language if article is non-English, Authors, Corporate Name, Author Affiliation, Abstract (if present), Publication Types (except for the Journal Article publication type), Mesh Terms, Personal Name as Subject, Chemical Substances, SI-databank accession numbers, Grant numbers, PMID and citation status. MEDLINE-Two character tagged field format for the complete record. Use this format to download records into reference management programs. ASN. 1-ASN. 1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) is an international standard used to achieve inter operability between platforms, including computer-to-computer, pager-to-computer, and many other possible combinations. XML-EXTENSIBLE Markup_language tagged format is_maintained a standard by the World_wide_web Consortium (W3c. The XML standard defines a syntax used to create markup_languages to specify information structures. Pubmed XML output conforms to several DTDS. Text You may display citations as plain text without the sidebar menu and toolbars by clicking on the Text button. To display citations in a different format, choose the desired format from the pull_down menu, and click Text. To return to your results in Pubmed, use your browser's back button. Display Order Citations in Pubmed are_displayed in Entrez Date order-last in, first out. The Entrez date is the date that a record was_added initially to Pubmed and should not be_confused with the publication date which is the date an article was_published. You can use the Entrez Date pull_down menu to limit your retrieval to a preselected range of dates or use the Entrez Date search field tag to specify a single date or date range. The Entrez Date is_displayed only on the MEDLINE display format. The Related Articles link displays citations in ranked order from the most to least relevant compared to the citation you linked from. Sort Select a sort field from the Sort pull_down menu and click Display. Publication Date sorts the most recent citations first, the secondary sort is journal. Author and journal sorts A to Z the secondary sort is publication date. Save The Pubmed Save function creates a text_file of your Pubmed citations on your computer. The Save button is available on screens with search results. You can save entire search results or selected citations. If you don't select specific citations before clicking on the Save button, you will create a file on your computer that will contain the entire search results up_to a maximum of 10,000 items. You can also save citations collected from multiple searches by using the Add_to Clipboard feature. The Clipboard holds a maximum of 500 items . When you save a file, your browser will prompt you where this file should be_placed on your computer, and also give you the opportunity to rename the file. Importing Citations into a Reference Manager Program: To import search results into a reference manager program change the Display format to MEDLINE before clicking on the Save button. This format includes the field tags needed for these programs. Consider changing the. fcgi extension to. txt if you wish to open the file in a text_editor, word_processing or reference manager program. Saving Entire Search Results: The default for the Save feature is to save the entire retrieval, up_to 10,000 items, unless you specifically select citations. For_example, if you use the Save button on a screen displaying 1-20 items of 2356, your saved file will contain all 2, 356 citations. Use the Display pull_down menu to select a format. Click Save and your items will_be_saved in_this format as plain text. Saving Selected Citations from a Single Search: Use the Display pull_down menu to select a format. Click in the check boxes next to each citation you want_to save. You can move to other pages within the search results to make more selections. Click Save and your selected items will_be_saved in the Display format as plain text. Saving Citations from Multiple Searches: Use the Add_to Clipboard function to add either entire search results or selected items to the Clipboard. The Clipboard can contain up_to 500 items. When ready to Save, click on the Clipboard link to go_to that screen. Use the Display pull_down menu to select a format. Click Save and your items will_be_saved in_this format as plain text. Note: Saving a_large retrieval may take several minutes. To save citations in HTML format use the Save as... function of your browser. Change the file extension to html. You will only save the citations displayed on the screen so you may wish to use the Show function and Text button to adjust your display as_needed. See_also: Cubby Saving a Search Strategy For additional saving options, such_as saving citations from multiple searches, see Clipboard Printing Use the print function of your Web_browser to print all_the information and citations displayed on your web_page. Before printing, consider using Show to increase the number of documents per page so_that the total number of documents is_displayed on one page (maximum: 500 per page. You can only print the citations from the displayed page. Printing Selected Citations: You may want_to print selected items from one or more searches on a single page. You can do this by collecting them in Pubmed's Clipboard: Click in the box next to each citation you want and then click on Clip Add. The Clipboard can hold_up to 500 items. When you are ready to print, click on the Clipboard link to go there. Within the Clipboard, display the citations in the format and sort order you want_to print. Use your browser's print function to print the page. Note: You may also wish to display your citations as Text to strip the sidebar menu and toolbars prior to printing your results. Order Order allows you to_order the full-text copy of an article from a library in your area using the Order Documents feature of Pubmed. Note: Prior to using this program you must establish an agreement with a Loansome Doc participating library. Local fees may apply. For information on the medical libraries in your area (or country) that can provide the Loansome Doc service, click on Order Documents from the Pubmed sidebar menu, then"Registration"from the Loansome Doc Ordering System screen. Once you have_registered with Loansome Doc, you can order citations, by clicking on the check box to the left of each citation. When you have finished marking your selections (you may move to other pages within your results), click Order. You may also use the Clipboard to collect items from multiple searches before ordering. Note: For some journals the full-text of articles are available via a Pubmed link to the publisher's Web_site. Publisher links for the full-text of the article are_displayed on the Abstract or Citation display. You may also click on Linkout to the right of each citation in the Abstract, Citation or MEDLINE display. Linkout is a Pubmed feature that links to outside sources for the full-text of the article, e_g.,, a publisher's web_site, as_well_as other resources such_as biological databases, and sequencing centers. User registration, a subscription fee or some_other type of fee may_be_required to access the full-text of articles in some journals. Links Related Pubmed Articles Link Each citation in Pubmed has a link that will retrieve a precalculated set of Pubmed citations that are closely related_to the selected article. Click on Related Articles to the right of each citation to display the related set of articles. Pubmed creates this set by comparing words from the title, abstract, and Mesh terms using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. Citations are_displayed in rank_order from most to least relevant with the linked from citation displayed first . If you select Related Articles from the Display pull_down menu without selecting specific citations Pubmed will retrieve the related articles for citations displayed on the page. Use the Pmneighbor utility to retrieve related articles for large sets of citations. Limits are NOT in_effect when you use a Related Articles link. After linking on Related Articles, although the box next to Limits may_be_checked, there_is no yellow bar displaying the Limits in_effect. You can, however, refine the list of Related Articles using Pubmed's History feature. In History you will see the Related Articles retrieval is_represented as"Link to Pubmed from (PMID of document).""Use this Search number in a search. Examples:##3 AND english la#14 AND 1996: 1999 dp Keep_in mind that the list you get with a Related Articles link is_displayed in ranked order from most to least relevant. Refining the list may remove citations that are most relevant. Linkout-Linkout allows publishers , aggregators, libraries, biological databases, sequence centers, and other Web resources to display links to their sites on items from the Entrez databases. These links can take you to the provider's site to obtain the full-text of articles or related resources, e_g, . consumer health information. There may_be a charge to access the text or information. The current list of Linkout providers is available. A publisher's icon link may display on the Abstract and Citation display formats if they have_provided electronically their citation data to Pubmed. Links are only available for publishers that are participating in Linkout; publishers are responsible_for providing working links. Links to other providers appear on the Linkout display format. To see the Linkout format for a retrieved item, change the Display format to Linkout, or click on the Linkout link. The Linkout format displays links (if available) by broad categories (e_g.,Literature), and then by subject categories, selected by the Linkout provider. Full-text provider links also include the form of the article available (e_g.,full-text PDF). Links with an asterisk indicate the Linkout provider requires a subscription, membership, or fee for access. Use the Cubby to customize your Linkout preferences to display only links of interest to you. Broken Links Links are_supplied to us by the providers; corrections and changes to links are_made by the providers and are their responsibility. Problem links should be_reported directly to the provider, you can usually find a contact link at their web_site. Contact the Help Desk if you need assistance finding this information. NCBI Databases Links to other resources or NCBI databases are available from the links to the right of each citation and from the Display pull_down menu. Pubmed will only process the first 500 items with links when using the Display pull_down menu. The following links are available: Protein-Amino_acid (protein) sequences from Swiss-Prot, PIR, PRF, PDB, and translated protein sequences from the DNA sequences databases. Nucleotide-DNA sequences from Genbank, EMBL, and DDBJ. Popset-The Popset database contains aligned sequences submitted as a set from a population, phylogenetic or mutation study describing such events as evolution and population variation. Structure-The Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB) contains 3-dimensional structures determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Genome-Provides access to records and graphic displays of entire genomes and chromosomes for megabase sequences obtained from large-scale sequencing of genomes and chromosomes. Probeset-Gene expression data repository and online resource for the retrieval of gene expression data from any organism or artificial source. OMIM-Catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Books-In_collaboration with book publishers, NCBI is adapting textbooks for the web and linking them to Pubmed to provide background so users can explore unfamiliar concepts found in search results. The Books link displays a facsimile of the abstract, in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases correspond to terms that are also found in the books available at NCBI. Clicking on a hypertext links you to a list of book pages in which the phrase is found. You can search the Books database. Select Books from the Search pull_down menu, enter a search in the query box and click Go. Other Services Text Version The Text Version is available for users who require special adaptive equipment to access the web and use Pubmed. Pubmed Text Version provides basic Pubmed search and retrieval functionality and can be_accessed from the Pubmed sidebar. Text Version Help is available. Journal Browser Use the Journal Browser to search for journals by journal title, title abbreviation, or the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). If a journal includes parentheses or brackets, enter the name with the parentheses or brackets, e_g.,J Hand Surg Am. Note: when searching Pubmed, do NOT include these special characters. Click on the MEDLINE Abbreviation to retrieve the Pubmed citations for that journal or click the journal name to display detailed information about the journal in NLM's catalog Locatorplus. Locatorplus includes catalog records for books, audiovisuals, journals, computer_files, and other materials in the NLM's collections. The list of Pubmed journals with links to full-text is also available in the Browser. Other Journal Resources: A list of all journals that are_included in Pubmed by FTP in the GNU Zip, Uncompressed, UNIX Compress, or PKZIP format The List of Serials Indexed for Online Users The List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus Mesh Browser Mesh (Medical Subject Headings) is NLM's controlled vocabulary. It is_used to index citations primarily to reflect subject content. Pubmed's Mesh Browser is available on Pubmed's sidebar menu. This Browser helps you find Mesh terms that you may want_to select and use in your searches. The Browser provides information about each term and displays them in a hierarchical_structure. In_addition users can directly attach Mesh Subheadings and limit terms to a Mesh Major_term. When you enter a term that_is a synonym for a Mesh subject heading, the Mesh Browser will display the associated Mesh term. Note: The Pubmed automatic term mapping may include additional synonyms from the UMLS that cannot be_viewed in the Mesh Browser. Additional information is available in the Mesh Browser help. Citation Matcher The Citation Matcher options allow you to find the citation or the Pubmed ID of any article in the Pubmed database using bibliographic information. The Single Citation Matcher is a fill-in-the-blank form that allows you to enter partial journal citation information to locate a record for a specific single article, or items indexed from a particular volume or issue of a journal to look_for a single citation. If you cannot find citations for a journal a particular journal issue, or are unable to locate a citation for a specific article, please report this to the NLM Help Desk. The Batch Citation Matcher allows you to retrieve the Pubmed IDS for many articles all_at_once. This feature requires that you enter the bibliographic information (journal, volume , page, etc.) in a specific format. A list of all journals that are_included in the Pubmed database is available by FTP in the GNU Zip, Uncompressed, UNIX Compress, or PKZIP format. Clinical Queries You may select from two filters to limit your retrieval. Choose either Clinical Queries or Systematic Reviews: Clinical Queries This specialized search query with built-in search research methodology filters is_intended for clinicians. Four study categories or filters are_provided: therapy, diagnosis, etiology and prognosis. Two emphasis categories or filters are_provided: sensitivity (includes relevant articles but probably some less relevant) and specificity (more precise articles, with less retrieval. See the filter table for details. Systematic Reviews This feature is_provided to help clinicians locate systematic reviews and similar articles. It combines your search term (s) with citations identified as systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, consensus development conferences, and guidelines. Citations from journals specializing in clinical review studies are_included also. The resulting retrieval can be_refined further using Pubmed's Limits e_g.,, English_language. Note: outside of the Clinical Queries screen, this subset can be_combined directly with other search terms using AND systematic sb. For_example, lyme_disease AND systematic sb. Systematic Reviews uses a customized search strategy. A list of related sources on this topic is_provided. For More Assistance Customer Support If you need more assistance, please click on Write to Help Desk or send an e-mail to custserv@nlm. nih. gov. You may also contact the NLM Customer_service desk at 1-888-346-3656 (1-888)- FINDNLM. Hours of operation are: Monday-Friday from 8: 30am-8: 45pm and Saturday from 9: 00am-5: 00pm Eastern_time. NLM Publications on Pubmed Tutorial NLM Pubmed Training Manuals NLM Technical Bulletin References Search Field Descriptions and Tags (in alphabetical order)- Affiliation AD May include the institutional affiliation and address (including email address) of the first author of the article as it appears in the journal. This field can be_used to search for work done at specific institutions (e_g.,cleveland ad AND clinic ad). Grant and contract numbers are also searchable using the ad search field tag (e_g.,LM05545/LM/NLM ad. Although grant and contract numbers are_searched with the ad tag, they display in the ID field of the MEDLINE format. The three pieces of the grant number (LM05545-number, LM-acronym, and NLM-institute mnemonic) are each individually searchable using the ad tag. More precise retrieval results from searching on the grant acronym (e_g.,, LM for NLM sponsored grants), rather than the institute mnemonic (e_g.,, NLM) because mnemonics may also occur in the street or email portion of addresses. In cases where the grant acronym is also a state postal abbreviation (e_g. CA) search both the acronym and the mnemonic (e_g.,ca ad and nci ad.--All Fields ALL Includes all searchable Pubmed fields. However, only terms where there_is no match found in one of the Translation tables or Indexes via the Automatic Term Mapping process will_be_searched in All Fields. Pubmed ignores stopwords from search queries.--Author AU Various limits on the number of authors included in the MEDLINE citation have_existed over the years (see NLM policy on author names. MEDLINE does not list the full name. The format to search for an author is: last_name followed by a space and up_to the first two initials followed by a space and a suffix abbreviation, if applicable, all without periods or a comma after the last_name (e_g.,fauci as or o'brien jc jr). Initials and suffixes may_be_omitted when searching. Pubmed automatically truncates on an author's_name to account_for varying initials, e_g.,, o'brien j au will retrieve o'brien ja, o'brien jb, o'brien jc jr, as_well_as o'brien j. To turn_off this automatic truncation, enclose the author's_name in double_quotes and qualify with au in brackets, e_g.,"o'brien j"au to retrieve just o'brien j.-EC/RN Number RN Number assigned by the Enzyme Commission to designate a particular enzyme or by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) for Registry Numbers.--Entrez Date EDAT Date the citation was_added to the Pubmed database. The Entrez Date is set to the Publication Date on citations before September 1997 when this field was_added first to Pubmed. Citations are_displayed in Entrez Date order which is last in, first out. Dates or date ranges must be_entered using the format YYYY/MM/DD edat, e_g. 1998/04/06 edat. The month and day are optional (e_g.,1998 edat or 1998/03 edat. To enter a date range, insert a colon(:) between each date (e_g.,1996: 1997 edat or 1998/01: 1998/04 edat. Note: The Entrez Date will remain unchanged and is_updated not to reflect the date a Publisher Supplied record is_elevated to in process or when an in process record is_elevated to MEDLINE. Therefore, use caution when your strategy includes only Mesh terms and a date or date range using the search field tag, edat, because the addition of Mesh terms to a record will_not change the Entrez Date edat.--Filter FILTER Technical tags used by Linkout providers to qualify holdings. Use the following query to find all_the Linkout links in Pubmed: loall filter You can also use Preview/Index to browse the index of Linkout providers. Select Filter from the All Fields pull_down menu, enter'lo'in the box, and click Index. Pubmed displays an alphabetic list of all_the Linkout entries in the Index. The'loprov'entries are for each of the Linkout providers. The'losubj 'and'loattr'entries are the same links indexed by Subject Types and Attributes. The'loftext'are for entries that include a link to the online full-text of a journal citation.--Issue IP The number of the journal issue in which the article is_published.--Journal Title TA The journal title abbreviation, full journal title, or ISSN number (e_g.,J Biol Chem, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 0021-9258. The Journal Browser is also available from the Pubmed homepage sidebar to look_up the full name, abbreviation, and ISSN number of a journal. If a journal title contains parentheses or brackets, enter the name without the parentheses or brackets, e_g.,enter J Hand Surg Am as J Hand Surg Am.--Language LA The language in which the article was_published. Note that many non-English articles have English_language abstracts. You can either enter the language or enter just the first three characters of most languages, e_g.,, chi la retrieves the same as chinese la. The most notable exception is jpn la for Japanese.--Mesh Date MHDA The date the citation was_indexed with Mesh Terms and elevated to MEDLINE for citations with an Entrez Date after March 4, 2000. The Mesh Date is initially set to the Entrez Date when the citation is_added to Pubmed. If the Mesh Date and Entrez Date on a citation are the same, and the Entrez Date is after March 4, 2000, the citation has not_yet been_indexed. Dates or date ranges must be_entered using the format YYYY/MM/DD mhda, e_g. 2000/03/15 mhda. The month and day are optional (e_g. 2000 mhda or 2000/03 mhda. To enter a date range, insert a colon(:) between each date (e_g.,1999: 2000 mhda or 2000/03: 2000/04 mhda.--Mesh Major Topic MAJR A Mesh term that_is one of the main topics discussed in the article. See Mesh Terms below.--Mesh Subheadings SH Mesh Subheadings are_used with Mesh terms to help describe more completely a particular aspect of a subject. For_example, the drug therapy of asthma is_displayed as asthma/drug therapy, see Mesh/Subheading Combinations. The Mesh Subheading field allows users to"free float"Subheadings, e_g.,, hypertension mh AND toxicity sh. Mesh Subheadings automatically include the more specific Subheading terms under the term in a search. To turn_off this automatic feature, use the search syntax sh: noexp, e_g.,therapy sh: noexp. In_addition, you can enter the MEDLINE two letter Mesh Subheading abbreviations rather than spelling out the Subheading, e_g.,dh sh=diet therapy sh.--Mesh Terms MH NLM's Medical Subject Headings controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms which is_used to describe the subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. Mesh contains more_than 19,000 terms and is_updated annually to reflect changes in medicine and medical terminology. Mesh terms are_arranged hierarchically by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. Pubmed allows you to view this hierarchy in the Mesh Browser. Skilled subject analysts examine journal articles and assign to each the most specific Mesh terms applicable--typically ten to twelve. Applying the Mesh vocabulary ensures that articles are_indexed uniformly by subject whatever the author's words. Notes on Mesh Terms and Major Mesh Topic search fields: To search the term as a Mesh term, it must be_qualified using the search field tags, e_g.,, mh for Mesh Terms or majr for Mesh Major Topic. Any term so qualified is_checked against the Mesh Translation table. The Mesh translation table includes concepts that may map to two or more Mesh terms. To turn_off this mapping enclose the Mesh term in double_quotes and qualify with mh, e_g.,","cold"mh. Mesh terms are_arranged hierarchically by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. Mesh terms in Pubmed automatically include the more specific Mesh terms in a search. Mesh/Subheading Combinations: To directly attach Mesh Subheadings use the format Mesh Term/Subheading, e_g.,, neoplasms/diet therapy majr. You may also use the MEDLINE two letter Mesh Subheading abbreviations, e_g.,, neoplasms/dt mh, etc. Only one Subheading may_be_attached directly to a Mesh term. For a Mesh/Subheading combination, Pubmed always includes the more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms for the Mesh term and also includes the more specific terms arranged beneath broader Subheadings. The broader Subheading or one of its indention's will_be_attached directly to the Mesh term or one of its indention's. For_example hypertension/therapy also retrieves hypertension/diet therapy; hypertension/drug therapy; hypertension, malignant/therapy; hypertension, malignant/drug therapy and_so_on as_well_as hypertension/therapy. To turn_off the automatic inclusion of the more specific terms, use the syntax field: noexp, e_g.,hypertension mh: noexp, or hypertension majr: noexp, or hypertension/therapy mh: noexp. The_latter example turns off the more specific terms in both parts, searching for only the one Subheading therapy attached directly to only the one Mesh term hypertension . If a Mesh term contains parentheses, enter the name without the parentheses, e_g.,enter the Mesh term Earth (Planet) as earth planet mh.--Pagination PG Enter only the first page_number that the article appears on. The citation will display the full pagination of the article but this field is searchable using only the first page_number.--Personal Name as Subject PS Use this search field tag to limit retrieval to where the name is the subject of the article, e_g.,, varmus h_ps. The search rules for Author au apply to this field, see Author field. To restrict a search to the Personal Name as Subject_field users must include the search field tag, ps. This field is not in the Limits All Fields pull_down menu because the data are_indexed actually as part_of the Text Word tw search field, e_g.,varmus tw.--Publication Date DP The date that the article was_published. Dates or date ranges must be_searched using the format YYYY/MM/DD dp, e_g. 1998/03/06 dp. The month and day are optional (e_g.,1998 dp or 1998/03 dp. To enter a date range, insert a colon(:) between each date (e_g.,1996: 1998 dp or 1998/01: 1998/04 dp. Note: Journals vary in the way the publication date appears on an issue. Some journals include just the year, whereas others include the year plus month or year plus month plus day. And, some journals use the year and season (e_g.,Winter 1997. The publication date in the citation is_recorded as it appears in the journal. It is_recommended that you search only by year (e_g.,1996 dp or 1995: 1997 dp.--Publication Type PT Describes the type of material the article represents (e_g.,Review, Clinical Trial, Retracted Publication, Letter), see full listing.--Secondary Source ID SI The SI field identifies secondary source databanks and accession numbers of molecular sequences discussed in MEDLINE articles. The field is_composed of the source followed by a slash followed by an accession number, e_g.,, genbank si, AF001892 si, genbank/AF001892 si. The SI field and the Entrez sequence database links are_related not. The Pubmed links to these databases are_created from the reference field of the Genbank or Genpept flatfile. These references include citations that discuss the specific sequence presented in the flatfile.--Subset SB Method of restricting retrieval by Subject Subsets, and Citation Status Subsets. Searchable with SB. Other Subsets are available for searching that do not use this search tag. See_also Limits.--Substance Name NM The name of a chemical discussed in the article. Synonyms to the Supplementary Concept Substance Name will automatically map when qualified with nm. This field was_implemented in mid-1980. Many chemical names are searchable as Mesh terms before that date.--Text Words TW Includes all words and numbers in the title and abstract, and Mesh terms, Mesh Subheadings, chemical substance names, personal name as subject, and MEDLINE Secondary Source (SI) field. The Personal Name of Subject_field can also be_searched directly using the search field tag ps, e_g.,nightingale f ps.--Title TI Words and numbers included in the title of a citation.--Title/Abstract TIAB Words and numbers included in the title and abstract of a citation.--Unique Identifiers UID Pubmed Unique Identifier PMID. To search for the PMID type in the number with or without the search field tag uid. You can search for several ID numbers by entering each number in the query box separated by a space (e_g.,, 95091318 97465762), Pubmed will OR the terms together. To search in combination with other terms you must enter the search field tag, e_g.,smith au AND (10403340 uid OR vaccines mh.--Volume VI The number of the journal volume in which an article is_published. Mesh Subheadings Abnormalities AB Manpower MA Administration and Dosage AD Metabolism ME Adverse Effects AE Methods MT Agonists AG Microbiology MI Analogs and Derivatives AA Mortality MO Analysis AN Nursing NU Anatomy and Histology AH Organization and Administration OG Antagonists and Inhibitors AI Parasitology PS Biosynthesis BI Pathogenicity PY Blood Supply BS Pathology PA Blood BL Pharmacokinetics PK Cerebrospinal_fluid CF Pharmacology PD Chemical Synthesis CS Physiology PH Chemically Induced CI Physiopathology PP Chemistry CH Poisoning PO Classification CL Prevention and Control PC Complications CO Psychology PX Congenital CN Radiation Effects RE Contraindications CT Radiography RA Cytology CY Radionuclide Imaging RI Deficiency DF Radiotherapy RT Diagnosis DI Rehabilitation RH Diagnostic Use DU Secondary SC Diet Therapy DH Secretion SE Drug Effects DE Standards ST Drug Therapy DT Statistics and Numerical Data SN Economics EC Supply and Distribution SD Education ED Surgery SU Embryology EM Therapeutic Use TU Enzymology EN Therapy TH Epidemiology EP Toxicity TO Ethnology EH Transmission TM Etiology ET Transplantation TR Genetics GE Trends TD Growth and Development GD Ultrasonography US History HI Ultrastructure UL Immunology IM Urine UR Injuries IN Utilization UT Innervation IR Veterinary VE Instrumentation IS Virology VI Isolation and Purification IP Legislation and Jurisprudence LJ Families of Mesh Subheading Explosions adverse effects etiology physiology poisoning chemically induced genetics toxicity complications growth and development analysis secondary immunology blood congenital metabolism cerebrospinal_fluid embryology biosynthesis isolation and purification genetics blood urine immunology cerebrospinal_fluid anatomy and histology microbiology deficiency blood supply virology enzymology cytology parasitology pharmacokinetics pathology transmission urine ultrastructure metabolism physiopathology embryology biosynthesis secretion abnormalities blood innervation cerebrospinal_fluid statistics and numerical data chemistry deficiency epidemiology agonists enzymology ethnology analogs and derivatives pharmacokinetics mortality antagonists and inhibitors urine supply and distribution chemical synthesis microbiology utilization complications virology secondary organization and admin surgery economics transplantation cytology legislation and juris pathology manpower therapeutic use ultrastructure standards admin and dosage supply and distribution adverse effects diagnosis trends contraindications pathology utilization poisoning radiography pharmacology radionuclide imaging admin and dosage therapy ultrasonography adverse effects diet therapy poisoning drug therapy embryology toxicity nursing abnormalities agonists prevention and control antagonists and inhib radiotherapy epidemiology contraindications rehabilitation ethnology diagnostic use surgery mortality pharmacokinetics transplantation NLM Author Indexing Policy: NLM's author indexing policy was and is as_follows: 1966-1984: MEDLINE did not limit the number of authors. 1984-1995: The NLM limited the number of authors to 10, with"et_al"being the eleventh occurrence. 1996-1999: The NLM increased the limit from 10 to 25. If there_are 25+authors, the first 24 will_be_listed; the last author becomes the 25th occurrence, and the twenty-sixth occurrence is"et_al.""2000-Present: MEDLINE takes all authors listed in the authorship area of an article. Note: Until 1990, only five transliterated (Japanese and Cyrillic) authors were_entered. Since 1990, the first ten transliterated authors have_been_entered. Chinese ideograms for co-authors are_transliterated not at_all if the journal lists only a single transliterated name in the table_of_contents. Publication Types Addresses Bibliography Biography Classical Article for republished seminal articles Clinical Conference for reports of clinical case conferences only Clinical Trial includes all types and phases of clinical trials Clinical Trial, Phase I Clinical Trial, Phase II Clinical Trial, Phase III Clinical Trial, Phase IV Comment for comment on previously published article Congresses Consensus Development Conference Consensus Development Conference, NIH Controlled Clinical Trial Corrected and Republished Article consider Published Erratum Dictionary Directory Duplicate Publication duplication of material published elsewhere Editorial Evaluation Studies Festschrift for commemorative articles Government Publications Guideline for administrative, procedural guidelines in_general Historical Article for articles about past events Interview Journal Article excludes Letter, Editorial, News, etc. Lectures Legal Cases includes law review, legal case_study Legislation Letter includes letters to editor Meta-Analysis quantitative summary combining results of independent studies Multicenter Study News for medical or scientific news Newspaper_article Overall collection of articles; consider Meeting Report Patient Education Handout Periodical Index for cumulated indexes to journals Practice Guideline for specific health_care guidelines Published Erratum consider Corrected and Republished Article Randomized Controlled Trial Retraction of Publication author's statement of retraction Retracted Publication article later retracted by author Review includes all reviews; consider specific types Review, Academic comprehensive, critical, or analytical_review Review Literature general review_article; consider other reviews Review, Multicase review with epidemiological applications Review of Reported Cases review of known cases of a disease Review, Tutorial broad review for non-specialist or student Scientific Integrity Review U_s. Office of Scientific Integrity reports Technical Report Twin Study for studies of twins Validation Studies Stopwords a did it perhaps these about do_its quite they again does itself rather this all done just really those almost due kg regarding through also during km seem thus although each made seen to always either mainly several upon among enough make should use an especially may show used and etc mg showed using another for might shown various any found ml shows very are from mm significantly was as further most since we at had mostly so were be has must some what because have nearly such when been having neither than which before here no that while being how nor the with between however obtained their within both i of theirs without but if often them would by in_on then can into our there could is overall therefore MEDLINE Display Format The purpose of this table is to define the data tags that comprise Pubmed MEDLINE display format. The tags are_presented in alphabetical order. Some of the tags (e_g, . CIN) are not mandatory and therefore will_not be found in every Pubmed MEDLINE display format. Other tags (e_g.,AU, MH, RN) may occur multiple times in one record. Not all fields are searchable in Pubmed. Information on searching with tags is available at Search Field Descriptions and Tags. Tag Name Description AB Abstract Abstract. AD Affiliation Institutional affiliation and address of the first author, and grant numbers. AID Article Identifier Article ID values may include the pii (controlled publisher identifier) or doi (Digital Object Identifier. AU Author Authors. CI Copyright Information Copyright statement. CIN Comment In Reference containing a comment about the article. CN Corporate Author Corporate author or group names with authorship responsibility. CON Comment On Reference upon which the article comments. CY Country The place of publication of the journal. DA Date Created Used for internal processing at NLM. DCOM Date Completed Used for internal processing at NLM. DEP Date of Electronic Publication Electronic publication date. DP Publication Date The date the article was_published. EDAT Entrez Date The date the citation was_added to Pubmed. EFR Erratum For Cites the original article needing the correction. EIN Erratum In Reference containing a published erratum to the article. FAU Full Author Name Full Author Names. GS Gene Symbol Abbreviated gene names (used 1991 through 1996. ID Identification_number Research grant numbers, contract numbers, or both that designate financial_support by any agency of the US PHS (Public_health Service). IP Issue The number of the issue, part, or supplement of the journal in which the article was_published. IS ISSN International Standard Serial Number of the journal. JC Journal Title Code MEDLINE unique three-character code for the journal. JID NLM Unique ID Unique journal ID in NLM's catalog of books, journals, and audiovisuals. LA Language The language in which the article was_published. LR Last Revision Date The date a change was_made to the record during a maintenance procedure. MH Mesh Terms NLM's controlled vocabulary. MHDA Mesh Date The date Mesh terms were_added to the citation. The Mesh date is the same as the Entrez date until Mesh are_added. ORI Original Report In Displays on Patient Summary. Cites original article associated with the patient summary. PG Pagination The full pagination of the article. PHST Publication History Status Date History status date. PMID Pubmed Unique Identifier Unique number assigned to each Pubmed citation. PS Personal Name as Subject Individual is the subject of the article. PST Publication Status Publication status. PT Publication Type The type of material the article represents. RF Number of References Number of bibliographic references for Review_articles. RIN Retraction In Retraction of the article. RN EC/RN Number Number assigned by the Enzyme Commission to designate a particular enzyme or by the Chemical Abstracts Service for Registry Numbers. ROF Retraction Of Article being_retracted. RPF Republished From Original article. RPI Republished In Corrected and republished article. SB Subset Jounral/Citation Subset values representing various topic areas. SI Secondary Source Identifier Identifies a secondary source that supplies information, e_g.,, other data sources, databanks and accession numbers of molecular sequences discussed in articles. SPIN Summary For Patients In Cites a patient summary article. SO Source Composite field containing bibliographic information. TA Journal Title Abbreviation Standard journal title abbreviation. TI Title The title of the article. TT Transliterated/Vernacular Title Non-Roman_alphabet language titles are_transliterated. UI MEDLINE Unique Identifier Unique number assigned to each MEDLINE citation. UIN Update In Update to the article. UOF Update Of The article being_updated. URLF URL Full-Text Link to_the_full-text of article at provider's website. Links are incomplete. Use Pmlink for the complete set of available links. URLS URL Summary Link to the article summary at provider's website. Links are incomplete. Use Pmlink for the complete set of available links. VI Volume Journal volume. Possible Values for the Grant Abbreviation & Institute Acronym Subelements for the ID Field in MEDLINE (1990 Forward) Two-character Grant Institute Full Institute Abbreviation Acronym Name NATIONAL_INSTITUTES_OF_HEALTH (NIH) AA NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol_abuse and Alcoholism AG NIA National Institute on Aging AI NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious_diseases AM 1 NIADDK National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney_diseases AR NIAMS National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin_diseases AT NCCAM National Center for Complementary and Alternative_medicine CA NCI National Cancer Institute CO NCI Office of the Director CN NCI Division of Cancer Prevention and Control CB NCI Division of Cancer Biology and Diagnosis CP NCI Division of Cancer Etiology CM NCI Division of Cancer Treatment CL CLC Clinical Center CT DCRT Division of Computer Research and Technology DA NIDA National Institute on Drug_abuse DC NIDCD National Institute on Deafness and other Communication_disorders DE NIDR National Institute of Dental Research DK NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney_diseases DS DS Division of Safety, Office of Research Services ES NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences EY NEI National Eye Institute GM NIGMS National Institute of General Medical_sciences HD NICHD National Institute of Child Health and Human Development HG NCHGR National Center for Human Genome Research HL NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute HV NHLBI Division of Heart and Vascular_diseases HB NHLBI Division of Blood_diseases and Resources HR NHLBI Division of Lung_diseases HI NHLBI Division of Intramural Research HO NHLBI Office of the Director HC NHLBI Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications LM NLM National Library of Medicine MH NIMH National_institute_of_mental_health NR NCNR National Center for Nursing Research NS NINDS National Institute of Neurological_disorders and Stroke OD NIH Office of the Director OR ORS Office of Research Services RG DRG Division of Research Grants RR NCRR National Center for Research Resources RS 2 DRS Division of Research Services TW FIC Fogarty International Center WH WHI Women's Health Initiative 1 No_longer being_assigned. New Institutes are AR (NIAMS) and DK (NIDDK. 2 No_longer being_assigned. Now part_of RR (NCRR. Two-character Grant Abbreviation Institute Acronym Full Institute Name HEALTH RESOURCES AND SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (HRSA ) AH BHP formerly Division of Associated Health_professions DH BHP formerly Division of Dentistry MB BHP Division of Disadvantaged Assistance NU BHP Division of Nursing PE BHP Division of Medicine SA BHP Division of Student Assistance ST OHS Office of Healthy Start FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) FD FDA Food and Drug Administration BA FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Bacterial Products BB FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Biochemistry and Biophysics BC FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Blood and Blood Product BD FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Cytokine Biology BE FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Product Quality_control BF FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Virology BG FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Transfusion BH FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-Hematology CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC) CE NCIPC National Center for Injury Prevention and Control CI CID Center of Infectious_diseases DP NCCDPHP National Center for Chronic Disease and Prevention and Health Promotion EH NCEH National Center for Environmental Health OH NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health PS CPS Center for Prevention Services ALCOHOL, DRUG_ABUSE, AND MENTAL_HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (ADAMHA) see codes under Substance_abuse and Mental_health Services Administration and codes AA, DA and MH under National_institutes_of_health Two-character Grant Abbreviation Institute Acronym Full Institute Name OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF HEALTH (OASH) FP OFP Office of Family_planning MP OMH Office of Minority Health PG OAPP Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs SUBSTANCE_ABUSE AND MENTAL_HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (SAMHSA) AS SAMHSA Substance_abuse and Mental_health Services Administration OA SAMHSA Office of the Administrator, SAMHSA SM CMHS Center for Mental_health Services SP CSAP Center for Substance_abuse Prevention TI CSAT Center for Substance_abuse Treatment AGENCY FOR HEALTH_CARE POLICY AND RESEARCH (AHCPR) HS AHCPR Agency for Health_care Policy and Research Source: Information_systems Branch, Division of Research Grants, National_institutes_of_health: July 1993 Write to the Help Desk NCBI NLM NIH Department_of_health & Human Services Freedom of Information Act Disclaimer

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